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Part II: How many IOPS can a HDD, HHDD or SSD do with VMware?

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Storage I/O trends

How many IOPS can a HDD, HHDD or SSD do?

This is the second post of a two-part series looking at storage performance, specifically in the context of drive or device (e.g. mediums) characteristics across HDD, HHDD and SSD. In the first post the focus was around putting some context around drive or device performance with the second part looking at some workload characteristics (e.g. benchmarks).

 

A common question  is how many IOPS (IO Operations Per Second) can a storage device or system do?

 

The answer is or should be it depends.

 

Here are some examples to give you some more insight.

 

For example, the following shows how IOPS vary by changing the percent of reads, writes, random and sequential for a 4K (4,096 bytes or 4 KBytes) IO size with each test step (4 minutes each).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

IO Size for test
Workload Pattern    of test
Avg. Resp (R+W) ms
Avg.  IOP Sec    (R+W)
  
Bandwidth KB Sec (R+W)
4KB
100% Seq 100% Read
0.0
  
29,736
118,944
4KB
  
60% Seq 100% Read
4.2
236
947
4KB
  
30% Seq 100% Read
7.1
140
563
4KB
0% Seq 100% Read
10.0
100
400
4KB
100% Seq 60% Read
3.4
293
1,174
4KB
  
60% Seq 60% Read
7.2
138
554
4KB
  
30% Seq 60% Read
9.1
109
439
4KB
0% Seq 60% Read
10.9
91
366
4KB
100% Seq 30% Read
5.9
168
675
4KB
  
60% Seq 30% Read
9.1
109
439
4KB
  
30% Seq 30% Read
10.7
93
373
4KB
0% Seq 30% Read
11.5
86
346
4KB
100% Seq 0% Read
8.4
118
474
4KB
  
60% Seq 0% Read
13.0
76
307
4KB
  
30% Seq 0% Read
11.6
86
344
4KB
0% Seq 0% Read
12.1
82
330

Dell/Western Digital (WD) 1TB 7200 RPM SATA HDD (Raw IO) thread count 1 4K IO size

 

In the above example the drive is a 1TB 7200 RPM 3.5 inch Dell (Western Digital) 3Gb SATA device doing raw (non file system) IO. Note the high IOP rate with 100 percent sequential reads and a small IO size which might be a result of locality of reference due to drive level cache or buffering.

 

Some drives have larger buffers than others from a couple to 16MB (or more) of DRAM that can be used for read ahead caching. Note that this level of cache is independent of a storage system, RAID adapter or controller or other forms and levels of buffering.

 

Does this mean you can expect or plan on getting those levels of performance?

 

I would not make that assumption, and thus this serves as an example of using metrics like these in the proper context.

 

Building off of the previous example, the following is using the same drive however with a 16K IO size.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

IO Size    for test
Workload Pattern of test
Avg. Resp (R+W) ms
Avg. IOP Sec    (R+W)
Bandwidth KB Sec (R+W)
16KB
100% Seq 100% Read
0.1
  
7,658
122,537
16KB
  
60% Seq 100% Read
4.7
210
3,370
16KB
  
30% Seq 100% Read
7.7
130
2,080
16KB
0% Seq 100% Read
10.1
98
1,580
16KB
100% Seq 60% Read
3.5
282
4,522
16KB
  
60% Seq 60% Read
7.7
130
2,090
16KB
  
30% Seq 60% Read
9.3
107
1,715
16KB
0% Seq 60% Read
11.1
90
1,443
16KB
100% Seq 30% Read
6.0
165
2,644
16KB
  
60% Seq 30% Read
9.2
109
1,745
16KB
  
30% Seq 30% Read
11.0
90
1,450
16KB
0% Seq 30% Read
11.7
85
1,364
16KB
100% Seq 0% Read
8.5
117
1,874
16KB
  
60% Seq 0% Read
10.9
92
1,472
16KB
  
30% Seq 0% Read
11.8
84
1,353
16KB
0% Seq 0% Read
12.2
81
1,310

Dell/Western Digital (WD) 1TB 7200 RPM SATA HDD (Raw IO) thread count 1 16K IO size

 

The previous two examples are excerpts of a series of workload simulation tests (ok, you can call them benchmarks) that I have done to collect information, as well as try some different things out.

 

The following is an example of the summary for each test output that includes the IO size, workload pattern (reads, writes, random, sequential), duration for each workload step, totals for reads and writes, along with averages including IOP's, bandwidth and latency or response time.

 

disk iops

Want to see more numbers, speeds and feeds, check out the following table which will be updated with extra results as they become available.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

    

Device

    
    

Vendor

    
    

Make

    
    

Model

Form Factor
Capacity
Interface
RPM Speed
Test Result
HDD
HGST
Desktop
HK250-160
2.5
160GB
SATA
5.4K
HDD
Fujitsu
Desktop
MHWZ160BH
2.5
160GB
SATA
7.2K
HDD
WD/Dell
Enterprise
WD1003FBYX
3.5
1TB
SATA
7.2K
HDD
Seagate
Momentus
ST9160823AS
2.5
160GB
SATA
7.2K
HDD
Seagate
MomentusXT
ST95005620AS
2.5
500GB
SATA
7.2K(1)
Soon
HDD
Seagate
Savio 10K.3
ST9300603SS
2.5
300GB
SAS
10K
HDD
Seagate
Savio 15K.2
ST9146852SS
2.5
146GB
SAS
15K
HDD
WD/Dell
Enterprise
WD1003FBYX
3.5
1TB
SATA
7.2K
HDD
Seagate
Barracuda
ST3000DM01
3.5
3TB
SATA
7.2K
Soon
HDD
Seagate
Barracuda
ST3500320AS
3.5
500GB
SATA
7.2K
SSD
Samsung
830
2.5
256GB
SATA
SSD
Soon

Performance characteristics 1 worker (thread count) for RAW IO (non-file system)

 

Note: (1) Seagate Momentus XT is a Hybrid Hard Disk Drive (HHDD) based on a 7.2K 2.5 HDD with SLC nand flash integrated for read buffer in addition to normal DRAM buffer. This model is a XT I (4GB SLC nand flash), may add an XT II (8GB SLC nand flash) at some future time.

 

As a starting point, these results are raw IO with file system based information to be added soon along with more devices. These results are for tests with one worker or thread count,  other results will be added with such as 16 workers or thread counts to show how those differ.

 

The above results include all reads, all writes, mix of reads and writes, along with all random, sequential and mixed for each IO size. IO sizes include 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K, 64K, 128K, 256K, 512K, 1024K and 2048K. As with any workload simulation, benchmark or comparison test, take these results with a grain of salt as your mileage can and will vary. For example you will see some what I consider very high IO rates with sequential reads even without file system buffering. These results might be due to locality of reference of IO's being resolved out of the drives DRAM cache (read ahead) which vary in size for different devices. Use the vendor model numbers in the table above to check the manufactures specs on drive DRAM and other attributes.

 

If you are used to seeing 4K or 8K and wonder why anybody would be interested in some of the larger sizes take a look at big fast data or cloud and object storage. For some of those applications 2048K may not seem all that big. Likewise if you are used to the larger sizes, there are still applications doing smaller sizes. Sorry for those who like 512 byte or smaller IO's as they are not included. Note that for all of these unless indicated a 512 byte standard sector or drive format is used as opposed to emerging Advanced Format (AF) 4KB sector or block size. Watch for some more drive and device types to be added to the above, along with results for more workers or thread counts, along with file system and other scenarios.

 

Using VMware as part of a Server, Storage and IO (aka StorageIO) test platform

The above performance results were generated on Ubuntu 12.04 (since upgraded to 13.04 which was hosted on a VMwarevSphere 5.1 purchased version (you can get the ESXi free version here) with vCenter enabled system. I also have VMware workstation installed on some of my Windows-based laptops for doing preliminary testing of scripts and other activity prior to running them on the larger server-based VMware environment. Other VMware tools include vCenter Converter, vSphere Client and CLI.  Note that other guest virtual machines (VMs) were idle during the tests (e.g. other guest VMs were quiet). You may experience different results if you ran Ubuntu native on a physical machine or with different adapters, processors and device configurations among many other variables (that was a disclaimer btw ).

Storage I/O trends

 

All of the devices (HDD, HHDD, SSD's including those not shown or published yet) were Raw Device Mapped (RDM) to the Ubuntu VM bypassing VMware file system.

    

Example of creating an RDM for local SAS or SATA direct attached device.

    vmkfstools -z /vmfs/devices/disks/naa.600605b0005f125018e923064cc17e7c /vmfs/volumes/datastore1/RDM_ST1500Z110S6M5.vmdk

The above uses the drives address (find by doing a ls -l /dev/disks via VMware shell command line) to then create a vmdk container stored in a datastore. Note that the RDM being created does not actually store data in the .vmdk, it's there for VMware management operations.  

 

If you are not familiar with how to create a RDM of a local SAS or SATA device, check out this post to learn how.This is important to note in that while VMware was used as a platform to support the guest operating systems (e.g. Ubuntu or Windows), the real devices are not being mapped through or via VMware virtual drives.

 

vmware iops

The above shows examples of RDM SAS and SATA devices along with other VMware devices and datastores. In the next figure is an example of a workload being run in the test environment.

 

vmware iops

 

One of the advantages of using VMware (or other hypervisor) with RDM's is that I can quickly define via software commands where a device gets attached to different operating systems (e.g. the other aspect of software defined storage). This means that after a test run, I can quickly simply shutdown Ubuntu, remove the RDM device from that guests settings, move the device just tested to a Windows guest if needed and restart those VMs. All of that from where ever I happen to be working from without physically changing things or dealing with multi-boot or cabling issues.

 

So how many IOP's can a device do?

That depends, however have a look at the above information and results.

 

Check back from time to time here to see what is new or has been added including more drives, devices and other related themes.

 

Ok, nuff said (for now)

Cheers gs


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